Harvey RJ, Goddard JC, Wise SK, Schlosser RJ (2008) Effects of endoscopic sinus surgery and delivery device on cadaver sinus irrigation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 139:137–142
鼻内镜手术及在尸体窦上的鼻灌溉输送设备影响。
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:Assess paranasal sinus distribution of topical solutions following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) using various delivery devices.
STUDY DESIGN:Experimental prospective study.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS:Ten cadaver sinus systems were irrigated with Gastroview before surgery, after ESS, and after medial maxillectomy. Delivery was via pressurized spray (Nasa Mist), neti pot (NasaFlo), and squeeze bottle (Sinus Rinse). Scans were performed before and after each delivery with a portable CT machine (Xoran xCAT), and blinded assessments were made for distribution to individual sinuses.
RESULTS:Total sinus distribution was greater post-ESS (P < 0.001). Additional distribution was gained with medial maxillectomy (P = 0.02). Influence of delivery device on distribution was significantly higher with neti pot > squeeze bottle > pressurized spray (P < 0.001). Frontal sinus penetration was greatest after surgery (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION:ESS greatly enhances the delivery of nasal solutions, regardless of delivery device. Pressurized spray solutions in un-operated sinuses provide little more than nasal cavity distribution. Use of squeeze bottle/neti pot post-ESS offers a greatly enhanced ability to deliver solutions to the paranasal sinuses.
摘要
目的：评估使用各种输送设备在内镜鼻窦手术（ ESS ）后局部溶液的分布。
研究设计：实验前瞻性研究。
对象和方法：十大尸体窦系统在胃视图手术前被灌溉，在ESS和内侧上颌骨切除术后。通过加压喷雾（ NasaMist ） ，鼻壶（ NasaFlo ） ，以及挤压瓶（窦冲洗）输送 。每次输送前后用便携式CT机（ Xoran的xCAT ）扫描，各个鼻窦患者进行盲评。
结果：总的窦分布更大的是ESS 后（ P <0.001） 。额外的分布是在上颌骨切除术后获得（P = 0.02） 。分配输送装置的显著影响是鼻壶>挤压瓶>加压喷雾（ P <0.001） 。术后额窦渗透率达到最大（ P = 0.001） 。
结论：ESS大大增强鼻用溶液的递送，而不管传送装置的。在非手术窦加压喷雾解决方案提供多一点鼻腔分布等等。ESS后使用挤压瓶/鼻壶大大增强了往鼻旁窦运输溶液的能力。
Harvey RJ, Schlosser RJ (2009) Local drug delivery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 42:829–845
局部给药
Abstract
Topical drug delivery for sinonasal disorders is influenced by a variety of factors. Macroscopically (or anatomically), the ability of the drug to reach the appropriate region of the paranasal system is paramount. Delivery techniques, surgical state of the sinus cavity, delivery device, and fluid dynamics (volume, pressure, position) have a significant impact on the delivery of topical therapies to the sinus mucosa. Once topical therapeutics actually reach the desired site, factors within the local microenvironment heavily influence local drug delivery. The presence and composition of the mucus blanket, mucociliary clearance, direct mucin-drug binding, and the permeability of pharmaceutical compounds will all impact drug delivery. In addition, the general therapeutic goal of topical management may lie between the potentially competing actions of mechanical lavage and pharmaceutical intervention. Techniques for the mechanical removal of mucus, antigen, and inflammatory products may not be the most efficient approach for pharmaceutical delivery. This article reviews the evolving concepts in local drug therapy, both for the factors that influence anatomic distribution within the sinonasal system and those that affect mucosal absorption.
摘要
局部给药于鼻腔鼻窦疾病是由多种因素影响的。宏观（或解剖）上来讲 ，药物到达鼻窦系统的相应区域的能力是至关重要的。递送技术，窦腔、输送装置和流体动力学（体积，压力，位置）的外科状态对递送局部治疗药物给窦粘膜影响显著。一旦局部治疗法真正达到所需的位置，在局部微环境中的因素严重影响局部给药。粘液毯、粘液纤毛清除功能、直接粘蛋白药物结合与药物化合物药物释放的渗透性都将影响药物递送。此外，局部治疗的一般治疗目标可能存在机械灌洗和医药干预的潜在竞争行为之间。机械去除粘液，抗原和炎性产物的技术可能不是药物递送的最有效的方法。本文回顾了局部药物治疗不断发展的概念，既有鼻腔鼻窦系统内的解剖分布的影响因素也有影响粘膜吸收的因素。
Miller TR, Muntz HR, Gilbert ME, Orlandi RR (2004) Comparison of topical medication delivery systems after sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 114:201–204
鼻窦手术后局部药物运载系统的比较
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:To compare the distribution patterns of topical medication delivery systems in the sinonasal region and upper respiratory tract after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
STUDY DESIGN:Prospective descriptive evaluation.
METHODS:Four topical delivery systems (spray bottle, atomizer, nebulizer, and bulb syringe) were studied. Using a dye solution as a marker, we independently applied the four topical delivery systems to a population of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who had undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The anatomic distributions were videotaped using flexible fiberoptic endoscopy. Three blinded observers independently rated the anatomic distribution of dye using a 4 point scale. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunn posttesting.
RESULTS:Seven participants completed the study. All participants had undergone bilateral maxillary antrostomies, bilateral total ethmoidectomies, and bilateral sphenoidotomies. Five sinonasal sites and the larynx were evaluated for dye deposition. Interobserver agreement reached 95.6%. There was no statistical difference between the atomizer and spray bottle. The bulb syringe was statistically superior to the nebulizer in all sinonasal sites and statistically superior to the atomizer and spray bottle in the ethmoidal region. Dye was rarely seen within the larynx.
CONCLUSIONS:The delivery systems tested were shown to have significant differences in their capability to place dye in specific sinonasal areas. Because topical medications are commonly administered to postoperative patients, these differences may have important clinical implications.
摘要
目的：比较功能性内窥镜鼻窦手术后的在鼻窦区和上呼吸道局部药物输送系统的分布格局。
研究设计：前瞻性描述性评价。
方法：对四个局部递送系统（喷雾瓶，喷雾器，雾化器，和球形注射器）进行了研究。使用染料溶液作为标记，我们采用独立的四个局部给药系统给做了功能性内窥镜鼻窦手术的慢性鼻窦炎患者。解剖分布是采用柔性光纤内窥镜录像。三盲法观察者独立使用的是4分制评分染料的解剖分布。采用方差（ ANOVA）和唐恩后续测试分析进行统计分析。
结果：
七个参与者完成了这项研究。所有参与者都经历了双侧上颌骨鼻道开窗，双侧全筛窦切除术，和双边蝶窦手术。五个鼻窦部位和喉部进行了染料沉积评价。观察者间一致达成率达95.6 ％ 。雾化器，喷雾瓶间无统计学意义差异。灯泡注射器在所有鼻腔位置在统计学上优于雾化器，统计学上在筛骨区域优于所有喷雾瓶和喷雾器。染料在喉内罕见。
结论：
递送系统的测试显示放置染料在特定的鼻腔鼻窦区具有其能力显著差异。由于局部药物通常给予术后患者，这些差异可能具有重要的临床意义。
Antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract on pathogenic bacteria isolated from specimens of patients with respiratory tract disorders
蓝桉叶提取物对从呼吸道疾病患者分离的标本病原菌的抗菌影响
The antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract was determined for 56 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 25 isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes, 12 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and seven isolates of Haemophilus influenzae obtained from 200 clinical specimens of patients with respiratory tract disorders. MIC50s for these species were 64, 32, 16 and 16 mg/L, respectively; MIC90s were 128, 64, 32 and 32 mg/L, respectively; and MBCs were 512, 128, 64 and 64 mg/L, respectively. These results suggest that further studies to clarify the possible therapeutic role of E. globulus leaf extract in the treatment of respiratory tract infection are warranted.
蓝桉叶提取物的抗菌活性由从200例临床呼吸道疾患患者获得的标本中56株金黄色葡萄球菌，25株化脓性链球菌，12株肺炎链球菌和7株流感嗜血杆菌被确定。这些品种 50s最低抑菌浓度分别为64，32，16和16毫克/升; 90s最低抑菌浓度分别为128，64，32和32毫克/升;最低杀菌浓度是512，128，64和64毫克/升。这些结果表明进一步的研究以澄清蓝桉叶提取物在呼吸道感染治疗中的可能的治疗作用是必要的。
Antibacterial activity of a grape seed extract and its fractions against Campylobacter spp.
葡萄籽提取物的抗菌活性及其对弯曲杆菌种类抗菌分数。
Abstract
In this study, the antibacterial activity of a grape seed extract (GSE) was examined against different Campylobacter strains. Growth inhibition was in the range from 5.08 to 6.97 log CFU/ml, demonstrating the strong capacity of the GSE to inhibit Campylobacter growth. Further dilution of the extract showed a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 20 mg/l and a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 60 mg/l against Campylobacter jejuni. GSE was fractioned by RP-HPLC and phenolic composition was determined by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. The phenolic profile of GSE mainly consisted on flavonols, phenolic acids, catechins and proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins. Among them, catechins and proanthocyanidins were the major compounds, representing 77.6% of total phenolic compounds determined. The analysis of the antibacterial activity against C. jejuni of the collected fractions showed that phenolic acids, catechins and proanthocyanidins were the main responsible of the behavior observed. These results showed that identification and quantification of the individual phenolic compounds of GSE could be feasible to standardize the production process to obtain an enriched extract potentially useful to control Campylobacter in the food chain.
摘要
在这项研究中，葡萄籽提取物（ GSE ）的抗菌活性针对不同的弯曲杆菌菌株进行了检查。生长抑制是从5.08到6.97 log CFU/ml范围内，充分展示了GSE抑制弯曲杆菌生长的强大能力。提取液进一步稀释表明的20毫克/升的最小抑菌浓度（MIC ）和对空肠弯曲杆菌60毫克/升的最小杀菌浓度（MBC） 。 GSE由反相高效液相色谱法和酚类成分分块采用HPLC- DAD和HPLC -MS测定决定。 GSE的酚醛配置主要包括黄酮醇，酚酸，儿茶素和原花青素和花青素。其中，儿茶素和原花青素是主要的化合物，占总酚含量的77.6％。对所收集馏分的空肠弯曲杆菌的抗菌活性的分析表明，酚酸，儿茶素和原花色素类是观察到的行为的主要负责物。这些结果表明， GSE的个人酚类化合物的鉴定和量化可以是生产工艺标准化的，以获得富集的提取物用以控制弯曲杆菌在食物链中是可行的。
Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extract of Aloe barbadensis to Clinically Isolated Bacterial Pathogens
库拉索芦荟粗提物的临床分离细菌病原体抗菌活性
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of Aloe barbadensis was tested on clinically isolated bacterial pathogens i.e. Enterococcus bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing infection in human being. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts were used for the antibacterial effect, which was measured by the appearance of zone of inhibition. Relatively higher MIC concentrations were obtained for gram negative bacteria E. coli and K. pneumoniae, with ethanol extract; however, no inhibitory effect was noted for aqueous extract. Ethanolic extract possesses great inhibitory activity for gram positive bacteria, E. bovis followed by S. aureus. Among gram negative bacteria, highest inhibitory effect was observed with P. aeruginosa, followed by M. morganii, P. mirabilis, andP. vulgaris, which was significant (p?<?0.01) than E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Antimicrobial activity tests of crude extract of A. barbadensis were carried out to validate the use of traditional medicinal herbal and results of this study tend to give credence to the common use of A. barbadensis gel and leaf.
摘要：
由在人类中引起感染的临床分离细菌病原体即牛肠球菌，金黄色葡萄球菌，大肠杆菌，普通变形杆菌，奇异变形杆菌，绿脓杆菌，摩氏摩根和肺炎克雷伯菌对库拉索芦荟的抗菌活性进行了测试。乙醇和水的萃取物用于抗菌作用通过抑制区的外观测定。对革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌获得相对较高的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。然而，水提取物没有抑制作用。乙醇提取物对革兰氏阳性菌具有很大的抑制活性，其次是大肠杆菌再其次是金黄色葡萄球菌。其中革兰氏阴性菌，高效抑制效果在铜绿假单胞菌，然后由M.摩根，奇异变形杆菌，和夏枯草观察到，显著（ P <0.01）优于大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。对库拉索芦荟粗提物抗菌活性进行测试，以验证使用传统药用草药，本研究的结果趋向使使用芦荟凝胶和叶可信。